Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV): What Pet Owners Need to Know

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) is a highly contagious and often deadly viral disease affecting domestic and wild rabbits. Since its emergence in Europe, RHDV has spread to the United States and Canada, where a more virulent strain, RHDV2, is now considered endemic. At TLC Animal Hospital in El Paso, TX, we’re committed to helping rabbit owners understand this disease and how to protect their bunnies through vaccination and safe husbandry practices.

What Is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV)?

RHDV is a calicivirus that causes rapid and severe illness in rabbits. The most severe form, RHDV2, can cause sudden death in both domestic and wild rabbit species. Once exposed, affected rabbits typically die within 12 to 36 hours. The disease can spread via direct contact or indirectly through contaminated materials such as clothing, food, or insect bites.

Signs of RHDV

Clinical signs are often subtle or appear too late. However, some rabbits may show signs such as:
- Hemorrhage from the nose, mouth, or gastrointestinal tract
- Lethargy or inappetence before sudden death

Immediate veterinary attention is required if any of these signs are observed.

How RHDV Spreads

The virus is incredibly resilient. It can survive in the environment for months and may be carried on insects, contaminated objects, or even airborne particles. Rabbits who survive an infection can shed the virus in their urine, feces, or respiratory secretions for up to two months, increasing the risk of household transmission.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Unfortunately, RHDV can only be definitively diagnosed post-mortem through necropsy and specialized testing on the liver or spleen. There is no specific treatment—only supportive care like IV fluids and nutritional support. Strict isolation is essential to protect other rabbits in the home or clinic.

Prevention and Vaccination

In the U.S., a vaccine against RHDV2 received emergency use authorization in 2021. It requires two doses, spaced 3–4 weeks apart, for full protection. The vaccine must be administered by a licensed veterinarian. Additional European vaccines are available outside the U.S.

To prevent infection:
- Avoid contact with wild or feral rabbits
- Do not allow outdoor time during outbreaks
- Wear disposable protective clothing when handling unfamiliar or potentially exposed rabbits
- Regularly disinfect enclosures and tools

Vaccination, combined with biosecurity, offers the best chance of protecting your rabbit.

Protect Your Bunny Today

If you haven’t vaccinated your rabbit for RHDV2, now is the time. Call TLC Animal Hospital at (915) 592-6200 to schedule a vaccine appointment or learn more about rabbit-safe practices. Let’s keep your bunny safe, happy, and healthy!

Disclaimer:
This article was created using trusted resources and AI technology.  Its content has been reviewed and vetted (ha!) by the veterinarian and medical director of TLC Animal Hospital.  The content in this article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for a veterinary examination, diagnosis, or treatment plan. Always consult with your veterinarian for individualized medical advice and care specific to your pet’s needs.